TGF-?1 decreases microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and lipid droplet accumulation in an in vitro stroke model

Abstract

Hypoxia triggers reactive microglial inflammation and lipid droplet (LD) accumulation under stroke conditions, although the mutual interactions between these two processes are insufficiently understood. Hence, the involvement of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 in inflammation and LD accumulation in cultured microglia exposed to hypoxia were analyzed herein. Primary microglia were exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) injury and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. For analyzing the role of TGF-beta 1 patterns under such conditions, a TGF-beta 1 siRNA and an exogenous recombinant TGF-beta 1 protein were employed. Further studies applied Triacsin C, an inhibitor of LD formation, in order to directly assess the impact of LD formation on the modulation of inflammation. To assess mutual microglia-to-neuron interactions, a co-culture model of these cells was established. Upon OGD exposure, microglial TGF-beta 1 levels were significantly increased, whereas LPS stimulation yielded decreased levels. Elevating TGF-beta 1 expression proved highly effective in suppressing inflammation and reducing LD accumulation in microglia exposed to LPS. Conversely, inhibition of TGF-beta 1 led to the promotion of microglial cell inflammation and an increase in LD accumulation in microglia exposed to OGD. Employing the LD formation inhibitor Triacsin C, in turn, polarized microglia towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype. Such modulation of both microglial TGF-beta 1 and LD levels significantly affected the resistance of co-cultured neurons. This study provides novel insights by demonstrating that TGF-beta 1 plays a protective role against microglia-mediated neuroinflammation through the suppression of LD accumulation. These findings offer a fresh perspective on stroke treatment, suggesting the potential of targeting this pathway for therapeutic interventions.